김진이 Jin Lee Kim , 황하선 Ha Sun Hwang , 김상수 Sang Soo Kim , 이재관 Jae Kwan Lee

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 591-597, 2013

The input emergy of an advanced treatment plant for reducing the 1 kg of TN and TP was estimated 4.14E+14 sej/kg, 5.02E+15 sej/kg, respectively. In addition, the input emergy of constructed wetland for reduction of the 1 kg of TN and TP reduction was estimated to be 2.48E+14 sej/kg, 3.38E+15 sej/kg, respectively. The cost reducing 1 kg of TN and TP for an advanced treatment plant was estimated 197,466 won and 2,388,739 won respectively and constructed wetland was estimated 117,976 won and 1,609,213 won respectively. As a result, All of the emergy source of constructed wetland for reducing non-point source is renewable resource. If we use the constructed wetland, it results in enhancing economic value by reducing of non-point pollution, controlling a flood and providing the habitat of animals or plants. Improving water quality program in the Nakdong River Basin should be changed into an ecological treatment facilities from expansion of the sewage treatment facilities and advanced treatment plant using high cost and non-renewable energies.

Advanced treatment plant, Constructed wetland, Emergy, Nakdong River Basin, Non-point source

김하경 Ha Kyung Kim , 김용재 Yong Jae Kim , 원두희 Du Hee Won , 황순진 Soon Jin Hwang , 황수옥 Su Ok Hwang , 김백호 Baik Ho Kim

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 598-609, 2013

Spatial and temporal distribution of environmental factors and epilithic diatom communities in major rivers (30 rivers and 58 sampling points) of the Korean peninsula were surveyed each one time before (May) and after the monsoon (October) 2012. The stream of the east harbor (EAST), the south harbor (SOUTH), and the west harbor (WEST) was sampled in order. Over the survey, a total of 284 taxa were classified, and the number of diatom species in each harbor did not show significant changes after the monsoon, but a biomass significantly decreased. Results also showed that EAST deterioration of water quality and chlorophyll-a after the monsoon, was opposite to SOUTH. Five major dominant species including Nitzschia inconspicua, which contained higher biomass over the survey, were common species which widely distributed in brackish water. Indicator Species Analysis showed that a large number of clean water species in EAST and polluted water species in SOUTH and WEST were emerged respectively. In sum, the Asian monsoon significantly decreased a biomass of epilithic diatoms and water qualities over the harbors (lower stream) in the Korean peninsula, but did not change the major species indicating water quality.

Asian monsoon, canonical corresponding analysis, epilithic diatom community, harbor, indicator species, spatial distribution

조영일 Young Il Cho

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 610-617, 2013

Investigating the budgets of alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in lake water systems is significant for the examination of the behavior of a lake as a sink or a source with respect to the circulation of inorganic carbon chemistry. Budgets of total alkalinity (AlkT) and DIC in Onondaga Lake, which was polluted by chronic calcium (Ca) loading in spite of the closure of soda ash (Na2CO3) facility, were determined by the analyses of inorganic carbon chemistry in tributary stream channels linked to the lake. AlkT and DIC fluxes of Onondaga Creek and Ninemile Creek occupied 65% and 54%, respectively, as larger tributary streams in comparison with other tributaries as well as different input sources. Budget calculations indicate that 18% of AlkT and 11% of DIC inputs to Onondaga Lake, respectively, remained immobilized in the Lake. This suggests that Ca chronically leached had been precipitated with inorganic carbon or remineralized by secondary mineral formation during the experimental period. In this study, the assumed mass balance calculation in Onondaga Lake with tributary streams resulted in exhibiting that the lake played a role of the sink for the inorganic carbon cycle.

Alkalinity, Budgets, Dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC, Fluxes, Mass Balance, Onondaga Lake

김흥섭 Heung Seop Kim , 홍종진 Jong Jin Hong , 성진욱 Jin Uk Seong , 최광순 Kwang Soon Choi , 박제철 Je Chul Park

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 618-624, 2013

This study was conducted to suggest the concentration distribution of organic matters in 348 tributaries of Nakdong River, and to review the validity of the conversion of organic matter indexes. The average concentration of organic matters in the tributaries was TOC 2.4 mgC/L, DOC 2.1 mgC/L, COD 1.0 mgC/L, respectively. DOC ratio to TOC is 87% and COD ratio is 44%. First tributaries shows higher organic pollution than second tributaries. The correlation between TOC and COD was relatively high as 0.796 (p < 0.01, n = 670). Based upon these results, a regression analysis was conducted. The results showed that TOC concentration was 2.5 times higher than COD concentration. In conclusion, it is appropriate to use TOC for the management of all organic matters. Furthermore, there is a need to build organic matter-related Databases for more rivers so as to establish TOC standards and manage the water quality.

Characteristic, COD, Correlation, Distribution, Organic matter, TOC

정재운 Jae Woon Jung , 조소현 So Hyun Cho , 최진희 Jin Hee Choi , 김갑순 Kapsoon Kim , 정수정 Soo Jung Jung

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 625-629, 2013

The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate simple and multiple regression models for Total Organic Carbon (TOC) concentration estimation in stream flow. For development (using water quality data in 2012) and evaluation (using water quality data in 2011) of regression models, we used water quality data from downstream of Yeongsan river basin during 2011 and 2012, and correlation analysis between TOC and water quality parameters was conducted. The concentrations of TOC were positively correlated with Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), TN (Total Nitrogen), Water Temperature (WT) and Electric Conductivity (EC). From these results, simple and multiple regression models for TOC estimation were developed as follows : TOC=0.5809×BOD+3.1557, TOC=0.4365×COD+1.3731. As a result of the application evaluation of the developed regression models, the multiple regression model was found to estimate TOC better than simple regression models.

BOD, COD, Simple and multiple regression model, TOC

박준대 Jun Dae Park , 박재홍 Jae Hong Park , 오승영 Seung Young Oh , 이재관 Jae Kwan Lee

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 630-640, 2013

It is one of the most critical steps identifying impaired waterbodies exactly in the selection of target water quality indicators for the management of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Excess ratio and excess level were applied and analyzed by the stream zone basis in order to evaluate water impairment for Nakdong, Geum, Youngsan and Seomjin rivers. Each river basin was divided into stream zones in the light of its watershed and waterbody characteristics. Selected water quality parameters discussed in this study were pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS, T-P, T-Coli and F-Coli. The excess ratios of the water quality parameters were used to discriminate water bodies that did not meet water quality standards. The excess levels were used to classify the degradation of water quality. The excess ratios and the excess levels to the water quality criteria of the medium influence areas were used for each stream zone. The results indicate that the excess ratios and the excess levels are varied on the stream zone in each river basin. Three parameters, pH, DO and SS, met water quality standards in all stream zones. The other five parameters indicated very high excess ratios in most waterbodies, and especially T-P and T-Coli revealed to be very high excess levels in some waterbodies. These parameters could be considered as major target indicators for the management of TMDLs.

Excess level, Excess ratio, Stream zone, Target water quality indicators, Total Maximum Daily Loads, TMDLs, Water impairment

송미애 Mi Ae Song , 공동수 Dong Soo Kong , 이옥민 Ok Min Lee

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 641-647, 2013

We installed mesocosms including zooplankton, fishs, artificial marshy land and aquatic macrophytes in Kyoungan stream to study the reduction effects of algae from Sep. 16 to Oct. 28, 2011. The control tendency of phytoplankton taxa was compared by analyzing community structure and dominant species in each mesocosm. Under the condition where Bluegill was absent, Daphnia similoides showed good effect of algal control since it has large food area and has high grazing pressure. Bluegill selectively preys upon large zooplankton, Daphnia similoides, as it also preys on small zooplanktons that flow in. In condition that Bluegill was absent, Daphnia similoides preyed selectively large phytoplankton (Cryptomonas ovata). Due to the shading of light, removal of nutrients and providing refuge for small zooplanktons, aquatic macrophytes and artificial marshy land showed high level of algal control. In corrals with aquatic macrophytes and artificial marshy land, the dominancy of genus Coelastrum and Pediastrum, which are difficult for small zooplanktons to feed on, relatively increased. In conclusion, under conditions of small number of predators such as Bluegill, Daphnia similoides is thought to be useful in algal bloom; however, when lots of predators are present, using small sized zooplanktons along with artificial marshy land and aquatic macrophytes is thought to be more useful than using large zooplanktons.

Aquatic macrophytes, Artificial marshy land, Mesocosm, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton

정재운 Jae Woon Jung , 박하나 Ha Na Park , 최동호 Dong Ho Choi , 백상수 Sang Soo Baek , 윤광식 Kwang Sik Yoon , 백원진 Won Jin Back , 범진아 Jin A Beam , 임병진 Byung Jin Lim

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 648-655, 2013

Nonpoint source pollution characteristics of recreation park was investigated. Runoff ratio of recreation park ranged 23-57%, which was lower than other urban area since impervious area was less than 37%. The average BOD, COD, TOC, SS, T-N, T-P, were 14.09, 32.86, 12.19, 121.51, 7.78 and 0.72 mg/L, respectively. First flush of recreation park was analyzed by normalized cumulative load - volume curve and mass first flush ratio(MFFn), MFF10 for BOD, COD, SS, T-P, T-N, TOC were 2.90, 1.59, 2.15, 2.74, 2.60, and 1.59, respectively. Observed data showed that 62% of pollutant could be removed by storaging 5 mm rainfall-runoff and even 3 mm depth could store up to 50% of pollutant in runoff.

First flush, MFFn, Nonpoint source, Storage depth, Water quality

박재홍 Jae Hong Park , 김용석 Yong Seok Kim , 류덕희 Doug Hee Rhew

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 656-665, 2013

This research was conducted to investigate pollutant load unit factor from aquacultural farms. Pollutant load unit factors were investigated on the 13 kinds of fish type, i.e., Trout, Leather Carp, Eel, Carp, Cartfish, Freshwater Eel, Crucian Carp, Colored Carp, Sturgeon, Marsh Snail, Sweetfish, Pond Snail, Eriocheir Sinensis. Water qualities in aquacultural farms were investigated wide range of values by fish type and pollutant items. High BOD and COD values were observed at the Leather Carp (Ponded water system), Cartfish (Ponded water system) and Freshwater Eel (Recirculating System). TOC and DOC values were relatively high at the Freshwater Eel (Recirculating System) and Eriocheir Sinensis (Extensive). Eel (Ponded water system) and Freshwater Eel (Recirculating System) produced high concentrated nutrient pollutants, i.e., T-N, T-P. Pollutant load unit factors are dependent on fish type, aquacultural type, water quality items, etc. If some fishes have similar basic unit values, those could be applied for TMDLs as a group of fish having same pollutant load unit. The water quality concentrations of post treatment facilities` (mainly reservoir tank) effluent were higher than those of fish raising bath because of extracting pollutant from sediment in the reservoir tank. Therefore, it needs to the management and regulations about post treatment facilities.

Aquacultural farms, DOC, Pollutant load unit factor, T-N, TOC, T-P

유승민 Seung Min Ryu , 유승열 Seung Ryul Yoo , 박준석 Jun Seuk Park , 홍은정 Eun Jung Hong , 노태협 Tai Hyeop Lho

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 666-673, 2013

Chloroform is harmful volatile organics and representatives of Trihalomethane (THM). Well-known removal methods of Chloroform are photo oxidation or OH radical oxidation. Plasma on water surface at slightly vacuum condition (45 torr) can produce OH radical and it will help chloroform removal. 81.5% of chloroform is removed by vacuum and plasma in 10 min. Plasma can totally oxidize it till 2.8% and partially oxidize chloroform up to 18.5%. Water-surface plasma is good method to remove chloroform in short time.

Chloroform, Degradation, Plasma discharge, Trihalomethane

유정민 Jung Min Yoo , 김동수 Dong Su Kim

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 674-680, 2013

Basic studies for the treatment of particulate organic substances contained in wastewater by flotation have been conducted. Four kinds of plastics were chosen as the possibly existing organic particles in wastewater and the Zisman plots for these substances were constructed by measuring the contact angle of liquids on their surfaces. The critical surface tensions for these organic substances were estimated based on the constructed Zisman plot and the floatability of organic substances were regarded to be related with their molecular structure. The existence of dissolved organic substances such as a surfactant was observed to affect the extent of flotation of particulate organics. In addition, the consideration of work of adhesion was thought to be better than adopting the critical surface tension as the analytical basis in the operational design of flotation process of organic particles.

Critical surface tension, flotation, Particulate organic matter, Work of adhesion, Zisman plot

김민호 Min Ho Kim , 허태영 Tae Young Heo , 정세웅 Se Woong Chung

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 681-690, 2013

Watershed models have been increasingly used to support an integrated management of land and water, non-point source pollutants, and implement total daily maximum load policy. However, these models demand a great amount of input data, process parameters, a proper calibration, and sometimes result in significant uncertainty in the simulation results. For this reason, uncertainty analysis is necessary to minimize the risk in the use of the models for an important decision making. The objectives of this study were to evaluate three different uncertainty analysis algorithms (SUFI-2: Sequential Uncertainty Fitting-Ver.2, GLUE: Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation, ParaSol: Parameter Solution) that used to analyze the sensitivity of the SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) parameters and auto-calibration in a watershed, evaluate the uncertainties on the simulations of runoff and sediment load, and suggest alternatives to reduce the uncertainty. The results confirmed that the parameters which are most sensitive to runoff and sediment simulations were consistent in three algorithms although the order of importance is slightly different. In addition, there was no significant difference in the performance of auto-calibration results for runoff simulations. On the other hand, sediment calibration results showed less modeling efficiency compared to runoff simulations, which is probably due to the lack of measurement data. It is obvious that the parameter uncertainty in the sediment simulation is much grater than that in the runoff simulation. To decrease the uncertainty of SWAT simulations, it is recommended to estimate feasible ranges of model parameters, and obtain sufficient and reliable measurement data for the study site.

GLUE, ParaSol, SUFI-2, SWAT-CUP, Uncertainty analysis

홍용석 Yong Seok Hong

DOI: Vol.29(No.5) 691-702, 2013

This review paper summarizes the theory, application, and potential drawbacks of diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) probe which is a widely used in-situ passive sampling technique for monitoring inorganic contaminants in aquatic environments. The DGT probe employs a series of layers including a filter membrane, a diffusive hydrogel, and an ionic exchange resin gel in a plastic unit. The filter side is exposed to an aquatic environment after which dissolved inorganic contaminants, such as heavy metals and nuclides, diffuse through the hydrogel and are accumulated in the resin gel. After retrieval, the contaminants in the resin gel are extracted by strong acid or base and the concentrations are determined by analytical instruments. Then aqueous concentrations of the inorganic contaminants can be estimated from a mathematical equation. The DGT has also been used to monitor nutrients, such as PO4 3-, in lakes, streams, and estuaries, which might be helpful in assessing eutrophic potential in aquatic environments. DGT is a robust in-situ passive sampling techniques for investigating bioavailability, toxicity, and speciation of inorganic contaminants in aquatic environments, and can be an effective monitoring tool for risk assessment.

Diffusive gradient in thin film probe, Heavy metals, In-situ passive sampling technique, Phosphate, Risk assessment