최재완 Jae Wan Choi , 신민환 Min Hwan Shin , 류지철 Ji Chul Ryu , 금동혁 Dong Hyuk Kum , 강현우 Hyun Woo Kang , 천세억 Se Uk Cheon , 신동석 Dong Seok Shin , 임경재 Kyoung Jae Lim

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 1-9, 2012

It has been known that Golf course could impose negative impacts on water-ecosystem if pollutant-laden runoff is not treated well. It is important to control non-point source and re-use treated wastewater from the golf course to secure water quality of receiving waterbodies. At golf courses, the rainfall-runoff is affected by various practices to manage grasses. In many hydrological modelings, especially in simple rainfall-runoff modeling, effects on runoff of plant growth and cutting are not considered. In the study, the water erosion prediction project (WEPP), capable of simulating plant growth and various management, was evaluated for its runoff prediction from golf course under grass cutting and irrigation. The %Difference, R2 and the NSE for runoff comparisons were 1.15%, 0.93 and 0.92 for calibration, and 18.12%, 0.82 and 0.88 for validation period, respectively. In grass cutting scenario, grass height was managed to be 18~25 mm. The estimated runoff was decreased by 27%. The difference in estimated total runoff was 11.8% depending on irrigation. As shown in this study, if grass management and irrigation are well-controlled, water quality of downstream areas could be obtained.

Cover degree, Forest, GeoWEPP, Golf course, Runoff

신명선 Myoung Sun Shin , 이윤경 Yun Kyung Lee , 박주현 Ju Hyun Park , 김범철 Bom Chul Kim

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 10-23, 2012

The middle and lower reaches of the Kum River system become stagnant in dry seasons with florishing of phytoplankton. In this study primary productivity of phytoplankton were measured by the C-14 uptake method and the P-I model method at seven main stream sites of the Kum River from the Daechung Dam outet to the river mouth. Nutrients (TN, TP, DIP, TIN) concentrations were measured in the mainstream and tributaries and compared with the variation of assimilation number. The range of primary productivity was 40~4,558 mgC·m+2·day-1 and it was higher than those of lentic ecosystems in Korea. Average TN and TP were 4.1 mgN·L-1, 70.6 mgP·m-3, respectively. Tributaries showed higher nutrient concentrations than the main stream. After two major tributaries merged with the discharging water of the Daechung Dam phyotplankton biomass and productivity increased drastically and remained at the similar eutrophic level through the downstream reach to the river mouth. Both dissolved phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations showed positive correlation with assimilation number of phytoplankton. In conclusion phytoplankton productivity is at the level of eutrophic water and it was higher than usual lentic habitats. Nutrient concentrations are critical factors in controlling productivity in the lower reach of the Kum River.

Assimilation number, C-14 methods, Kum River, Phytoplankton, Primary production

조병욱 Byung Wook Cho , 최정호 Jeong Ho Choi , 이상진 Sang Jin Yi , 김영일 Young Il Kim

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 18-25, 2012

For effective watershed management, it is very important to select the tributaries through selection and concentration of targeted tributary catchments for improving water quality within the limited financial conditions. This study introduced the selection and diagnosis procedure of tributary catchments for improving water quality at Chungcheongnam-do based on water quality and flowrate monitoring, stream grouping method. The tributaries with high value of water quality and flowrate were selected for improving water quality according to stream grouping method. The diagnosis of selected tributaries for improving water quality was performed with analysis of the pollution load (generated, discharged, delivered) and point source discharged pollution load density. The plans for improving water quality of tributaries were suggested thorough various diagnosis of tributary catchments. For improving water quality of tributaries in Chungcheongnam-do, the tributary catchments in the Dangjin, Asan, Yesan, Cheonan, Hongseong area should be preferentially considered. The water quality improving plans for those tributary catchments, in accordance with the reduction of sources of pollution by population and livestock, should be established.

Point source discharged pollution Load density, Stream grouping method, Tributary catchment for improving water quality, Water quality and flowrate monitoring, Watershed management

전지혜 Ji Hye Jeon , 정세웅 Se Woong Chung

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 26-37, 2012

Multi-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality models are widely used to simulate the physical and biogeochemical processes in the surface water systems such as reservoirs and estuaries. Most of the models have adopted the Eulerian grid modeling framework, mainly because it can reasonably simulate physical dynamics and chemical species concentrations throughout the entire model domain. Determining the optimum grid cell size is important when using the Eulerian grid-based three-dimensional water quality models because the characteristics of species are assumed uniform in each of the grid cells and chemical species are represented by concentration (mass per volume). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of grid-size of a three dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model (EFDC) on hydrodynamics and mass transport in the Saemangeum Reservoir. Three grid resolutions, respectively representing coarse (CG), medium (MG), and fine (FG) grid cell sizes, were used for a sensitivity analysis. The simulation results of numerical tracer showed that the grid resolution affects on the flow path, mass transport, and mixing zone of upstream inflow, and results in a bias of temporal and spatial distribution of the tracer. With the CG, in particular, the model overestimates diffusion in the mixing zone, and fails to identify the gradient of concentrations between the inflow and the ambient water.

EFDC, Grid size, Hydrodynamic and water quality modeling, Saemangum Reservoir

박기정 Gi Jung Park , 정민재 Min Jae Jung , 이한샘 Han Saem Lee , 김덕우 Deok Woo Kim , 윤재영 Jae Yong Yoon , 백경록 Kyung Rock Paik

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 38-49, 2012

In this study, we analyze statistical characteristics of influent water quality in Daejeon waste water treatment plant and apply a stochastic model for data generation. In the analysis, the influent water quality data from year 2003 to 2008, except for year 2006, are used. Among water quality variables, we find strong correlations between BOD and T-N; T-N and T-P; BOD and T-P; CODMn and T-P; and BOD and CODMn. We also find that different water quality variables follow different theoretical probability distribution functions, which also depends on whether the seasonal cycle is removed. Finally, we generate the influent water quality data using the multi-season 1st Markov model (Thomas-Fiering model). With model parameters calibrated for the period 2003~2005, the generated data for 2007~2008 are well compared with observed data showing good agreement in general. BOD and T-N are underestimated by the stochastic model. This is mainly due to the statistical difference in observed data itself between two periods of 2003~2005 and 2007~2008. Therefore, we expect the stochastic model can be applied with more confidence in the case that the data follows stationary pattern.

Correlation analysis, Correlogram, Influent water quality, Probability distribution, Statistical analysis, Stochastic model

신관우 Gwan Woo Shin , 김금용 Keum Yong Kim , 이상일 Sang Ill Lee

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 50-56, 2012

In this study, loess composites, loess with lanthanum and with aluminum, were made and evaluated for treatment of phosphorus removal in natural water system. Desiccation method for production of loess composite was superior to centrifugation method in obtaining high concentrated composites of lanthanum and aluminum. Washing of loess lanthanum composite by water did not deteriorat the lanthanum concentration in the composite, but this lowered the aluminum concentration of loess aluminum composite. Total of 15 and 37.5% of aluminum contents were removed after first washing treatment in aluminum loess of 0.05% and 0.1% respectively. However, no more aluminum loss was monitored with increase of washing times. Phosphorus removal efficiencies were not decreased with washed loess aluminum composite. Phosphorus removal was successfully achieved by adsorption of phosphate to loess composite at pH range of 5.0~8.0. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm was observed in the adsorption of phosphate for loess composite. Dosages of 0.05% and 0.1% lanthanum composite for 95% of phosphorus removal could reduce its usage amount to 25% and 50%, respectively, comparing with dosage of loess alone. Dosages of 0.05% and 0.1% aluminum composite could reduce its usage amount to 48% and 63%, respectively.

Aluminum-Loess, Lanthanum-Loess, Loess, Phosphorus removal

김완기 Wan Gi Kim , 정연정 Yeon Jung Jung , 윤여준 Yeo Joon Yoon , 임관훈 Gwan Hun Lim , 김종배 Jong Bae Kim , 강준원 Joon Wun Kang

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 57-62, 2012

In this study, the inactivation efficiency of Mycobacterium marinum was evaluated in buffered water (pH 7) using a low pressure ultraviolet (LP-UV) lamp, ultrasonic (US), and UV/US sequential processes. In the UV alone process, 3 log inactivation of the M. marinum was achieved with a UV dose of 120 mJ/cm2. However, a tailing phase was later observed because M. marinum has a high tendency for cell aggregation. Even though the M. marinum was not inactivated in the US alone process, the hydrophobicity decreased and turbidity increased due to the crumbling of the cell aggregation. Among the candidate processes which were UV alone, US-UV sequential process and UV-US-UV sequential process, the US-UV sequential process showed the highest synergistic effects for M. marinum inactivation. Consequently, US is a very useful process as a UV irradiation pre-treatment to inactivate M. marinum in water.

Inactivation, M. marinum, Ultrasonic, US-UV sequential process, UV

이장희 Jang Hee Lee , 강호 Ho Kang

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 63-70, 2012

This study was carried out to investigate change in influent concentration of domestic wastewater flowed from a newly constructed separate sewer system (SSS) and biological nutrients removal efficiency of a full scale Air-vent sequential batch reactor (SBR, 600 m3/d). The average concentration of BOD5, SS, T-N and T-P from SSS were 246.5 mg/L, 231.6 mg/L, 42.974 mg/L, 5.360 mg/L, respectively which corresponds to 2.2times, 1.2times, 1.8times and 2.1times higher than those from the conventional combined sewer system (CSS). The removal efficiency of BOD5, SS, T-N, and T-P for the Air-vent SBR operated with influent from SSS averaged 99.1%, 99.0%, 91.2%, and 93.5%, respectively. Especially the respective nitrogen and phosphorus removal was 15% greater than that of the SBR operated with influent from CSS. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) was observed in an aerobic reactor(II) as a result of DO concentration gradient developed along the depth by the Air-vent system. In order to achieve T-N removal greater than 90%, the C/N ratio should be over 6.0 and the difference between BOD5 loading and nitrogen loading rate be over 100 kg/day (0.130 kg T-N/m3·d). Even with high influent T-P concentration of 5.360 mg/L from SSS (compared with 2.465 mg/L from CSS) T-P removal achieved 93.5% which was 15.5% higher than that of the SBR with influent from CSS. This is probably due to high influent BOD5 concentration from SSS that could provide soluble carbon source to release phosphorus at anaerobic condition. In order to achieve T-P removal greater than 90%, the difference between BOD5 loading and phosphorus loading rate should be over 100 kg /day (0.130 kg T-P/m3·d).

Combined sewer system, Full-scale SBR, Phosphorus removal, Separated sewer system, Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification , SND

이근주 Geun Joo Lee , 성기준 Ki June Sung

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 71-77, 2012

The performance and characteristics of nutrient removal in wetlands influenced by plant type. We tested a floating plant, Eichhornia crassipes, and a submerged plant, Ceratophyllum demersum, under the same environmental conditions to understand the differences in nutrient uptake by these different plant forms. The total nitrogen and phosphorus in the water decreased in the following order: Water Only < Water + Soil < Floating Plants ? Submerged Plants and Water Only < Water+Soil < Floating Plants < Submerged Plants. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations increased in both plants; however, the phosphorous concentration was greater in C. demersum than E. crassipes. The submerged plant exhibited higher phosphorus uptake per unit biomass than the floating plant, but nitrogen uptake did not differ significantly. These results suggest that the presence of soil influences nitrogen and phosphorus removal from water, and that wetland plants play an important role in the assimilation and precipitation of phosphorus. Understanding the differences in contaminant removal performance and characteristics of various plant forms can help in the selection of diverse plants for constructed wetlands to improve water quality and provide ecosystem services such as wildlife habitat and landscape enhancement.

Ceratophyllum demersum, Eichhornia crassipes, Phytoremediation, Wetland biogeochemistry, Wetland plant

김응석 Eung Seok Kim , 심규범 Kuy Bum Sim , 김상단 Sang Dan Kim , 최현일 Hyun Il Choi

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 78-83, 2012

Man-made reservoirs over 95% in Korea are shallower than 10 meters in depth, which is apt to cause eutrophication. This study has characterized long-term trends in water quality factors for the selected six reservoir points in the Kum River watersheds, and then estimated the seasonal trophic state index for each reservoir. The reservoir trophic state was evaluated at four trophic levels using the Korean trophic state index, TSIKO. It is observed from seasonal results for six reservoirs that the highest value of the trophic state index is estimated in summer while the trophic state index value is low in spring and winter seasons. Especially, the Boryeong Lake has a relatively lower trophic state index since this reservoir has been managed properly for water withdrawal and irrigation. It is expected that the seasonal trophic state index resulted from this study can contribute toward long-term water quality improvement plans for reservoirs.

Eutrophic, Korean trophic sate index, Man-made Lake, Mulipurpose dam, Water quality improvement

김미아 Mi Ah Kim , 강태구 Tae Gu Kang , 이혁 Hyuk Lee , 신유나 Yu Na Shin , 김경헌 Kyung Hyun Kim

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 84-93, 2012

The study was conducted to analyze the spatio-temporal changes in water quality of the major 36 sampling stations of Nakdong River, depending on each station, season using the 17 water quality variables from 2000 to 2010. The result was verified to interpret the characteristics of water quality variables in a more accurate manners. According to the Principal component analysis (PCA) and Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) results; the results of these analyses were identified 4 factors, Factor 1 (nutrients) included the concentrations of T-N, T-P, NO3-N, PO4-P, DTN, DTP for sampling station and season, Factor 2 (organic pollutants) included the concentrations of BOD, COD, Chl-a, Factor 3 (microbes) included the concentrations of F.Coli, T.Coli, and Factor 4 (others) included the concentrations of pH, DO. The results of a Cluster analysis indicated that Geumhogang 6 was the most contaminated site, while tributaries and most of the down stream sites of Nakdong River were mainly affected by each nutrients (Factor 1) and organic pollutants (Factor 2). The verification consequence of Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) from Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) result can be summarized as follows: we could find additional relations between variables besides the structure from EFA, which we obtained through the second-order final modeling adopted in CFA. Nutrients had the biggest impact on water pollution for each sampling station and season. In particular, It was analyzed that P-series pollutant should be controlled during spring and winter and N-series pollutant should be controlled during summer and fall.

Cluster analysis, Confirmatory factor analysis, Factor model, Nakdong River

손영권 Yeong Kwon Son , 윤춘경 Chun Gyeong Yoon , 김준식 Jun Sik Kim , 김형중 Hyung Joong Kim

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 94-101, 2012

The performance data for eight years from a free-surface-flow constructed wetland system receiving agricultural tailwater were used to analyze denitrification rate and nitrogen treatment characteristics according to season and wetland design. Seasonal difference between growing season (March~November) and winter season (December~February) was shown in the concentration of all nitrogen species. Seasonal nitrogen treatment has similar trend with temperature and measured denitrification rate. The highest denitrification rate was measured in July, but treatment efficiency was most higher in May and June. Nitrogen absorption of vegetation could affect to these wetland performances, therefore dense population of wetland vegetation might be helpful. According to design of wetland, at least 25~50 m of wetland length was needed to decrease effluent T-N concentration to background concentration in growing season. In winter season, wetland needed much longer distance to reduce T-N concentration. Mass removal rate was continuously high through whole year because runoff coefficient was low in winter season. Applicability of constructed wetland was observed for the total maximum daily load that control T-N load.

Constructed wetland, Denitrification, Nitrogen removal, Seasonal performance, Wetland design

김응석 Eung Seok Kim , 심규범 Kuy Bum Sim , 김태승 Tae Seung Kim , 정동환 Dong Hwan Jeong , 윤조희 Jo Hee Yoon , 강두기 Doo Kee Kang , 김상단 Sang Dan Kim

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 102-108, 2012

This study has performed comparative analysis on characteristics of reservoirs in their use through correlation analysis on seasonal variation of water quality factors in agricultural reservoirs and multipurpose dams. Agricultural reservoirs show the high relationship between Chl-a and other water quality factors while the correlation among COD, BOD, and SS is strong in multipurpose dams. Agricultural reservoirs have the high relationship between various water quality factors in season such as Chl-a and pH (R2=0.294) in Spring, pH and water temperature (R2=0.246) in Summer, and Chl-a and BOD (R2=0.435) in Fall, and between COD and BOD (R2=0.370) in Winter, respectively, for Sapgyo reservoir while Chl-a and T-P (R2=0.739) in Spring, T-P and SS (R2=0.876) in Summer, and Chl-a and SS (R2=0.600) in Fall, and between COD and SS (R2=0.998) in Winter, respectively, for Seokmun reservoir. Boryeong dam has the strong relationship between T-P and SS (R2=0.511) in Spring while the relation between COD and SS is high in other seasons with the values of R2 of 0.362, 0.665, and 0.500 in Summer, Fall, and winter, respectively. The first and second water quality factors in relationship are COD and BOD in Sapgyo and Seokmun reservoirs, which is similar to the characteristics in Winter for multipurpose dams. Chl-a has no relationship with other water quality factors in Boryeong dam in operation for both flood control and low water regulation purposes. The result of this research is expected to provide contributions to the seasonal water quality control and analysis on characteristics for each reservoir by monitoring.

Agricultural reservoirs, Correlation, Multipurpose dams, Seasonal variation

배병욱 Byung Uk Bae , 최경환 Kyung Hwan Choi

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 109-114, 2012

In this study, both sedimentation and thickening experiments were conducted for residuals produced from an advanced water treatment plant for more accurate and practical design of residual treatment train. In order to design a backwashed residual sedimentation basin (SRSB) in the filter backwash water recycle system, two kinds of backwash waters, one from sand filter (SFBW) and the other from GAC adsorption bed (GACBW), were separately collected and their surface loading rate measured. In addition, in order to design a gravity thickener, batch thickening tests were conducted for concentrated residuals taken from sedimentation basin and their limiting solid flux (SFL) measured. From the experimental results and consideration of the seasonal characteristics of the residual, surface loading rate of 70 m3/m2·d was proposed as a design parameter for SRSB and solid loading rate of 20 kg TS/m2·d was proposed as a design parameter for gravity thickeners. Finally, the material mass-balance was made for the design of each unit process in the residual treatment train.

Backwashed residual sedimentation basin, SRSB, Design of residual treatment train, Filter backwash water recycle, Solid Loading rate, Surface Loading rate

김희진 Hee Jin Kim , 정혜원 Hye Won Jeong , 김동수 Dong Su Kim

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 115-120, 2012

Different colloidal particles generally co-exist in the water and wastewater. Thus, there needs to identify practical electrokinetic characteristics of the particles, comparing with the case when each colloidal material is independently distributed. In this study, changes of overall zeta potential was examined through mixed dispersions of TiO2 and MnO2. The mixing ratios were classified into 3-type in order to distinguish the effects of the proportions of each particle from those of total concentration in colloidal suspensions. The types are single colloidal dispersions of TiO2 and MnO2 (1:0, 0:1), mixed dispersions at different ratios (0.75:0.25, 0.5:0.5, 0.25:0.75), and a mixed dispersion with doubled concentration (1:1), respectively. It showed that the overall variation of zeta potential as a function of pH was intensified in a colloidal dispersion with the ratio of 1:1. It was concerned that the double action of ion would contribute to this result. On the one hand, the zeta potentials of each colloidal dispersion commonly decreased at the state of strong acid and base under the influence of compression of the electric double layer. The changing patterns were also considered through calculating total interaction energy between colloidal particles based on DLVO theory and measuring turbidity of the colloidal dispersions.

Mixed colloidal dispersions, Total interaction energy, Turbidity, Zeta potential

최정수 Jung Su Choi , 주현종 Hyun Jong Joo

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 121-128, 2012

The purpose of this study is to solve the problem of nutrient removal due to rapid hydraulic retention time (HRT) variation in small size private sewage treatment facility and to have better effluent quality by using natural zeolite as a coagulant aid. The experiments were conducted by applying different conditions of HRT, coagulant, and zeolite dosages. As an experimental result, TBOD5, TSS, and TP removal efficiencies were 64.9%, 94.5%, and 98.8% at co-injection with zeolite. Overall removal efficiencies of TBOD5, TSS, and TP have improved 15.7, 28.7, 6.1%, respectively. This result shows that zeolite addition could improve flocculation, increase setting velocity, and thus have better treatment. Therefore the use of zeolite as a coagulant aid can be useful in small size private sewage treatment facility, where especially extra nutrient removal is required to meet the legal standard for discharge.

Hydraulic retention time, HRT, Natural zeolite, Setting velocity, Small size private sewage treatment facility, TSS, TP

이준용 Jun Young Lee , 김성진 Seong Jin Kim , 유영훈 Young Hoon Yoo , 정팔진 Paul Gene Chung , 권영호 Young Ho Kwon , 박양균 Yang Kyun Park , 곽동희 Dong Heui Kwak

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 129-136, 2012

In this century, scientists realized that carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere cause a greenhouse effect which affects the planet`s temperature. Therefore lots of attempts have carried out to decrease the discharge of carbon dioxide gas in the field. The dissolved carbon dioxide flotation (DCF) process was developed as an alternative of DAF process to decrease the discharge and reuse of carbon dioxide as well as to save energy consumption. To investigate the particle separation characteristics and the flotation efficiency of carbon dioxide, SCC model was employed in the DCF process which has been applied extensively for the evaluation and simulation in the DAF process. The simulation results by the SCC model revealed the predicted curve of flotation efficiency became decreased gradually over the optimal pressure range of saturator about 1.6 atm in accordance with the experiment results of the DCF pilot plant and the size distribution and the bubble volume concentration of CO2 bubbles depending on the operation pressure of saturator. The findings through the simulation results led to the conclusion that there was no significant difference between CO2 bubbles and air bubbles, affecting on the practical flotation efficiency, in terms of the initial collision and attachment efficiency.

Bubble, CO2, DAF, Flotation, SCC model

최지현 Chi Hyun Choi , 최대규 Dae Gyu Choi , 최현일 Hyun Il Choi , 김경헌 Kyung Hyun Kim , 김상단 Sang Dan Kim

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 137-147, 2012

Land surface temperature in ecohydrology is a variable that links surface structure to soil processes and yet its spatial prediction across landscapes with variable surface structure is poorly understood. And there are an insufficient number of soil temperature monitoring stations. In this study, a grid-based land surface temperature prediction model is proposed. Target sites are Andong and Namgang dam region. The proposed model is run in the following way. At first, geo-referenced site specific air temperatures are estimated using a kriging technique from data collected from 60 point weather stations. Then surface soil temperature is computed from the estimated geo-referenced site-specific air temperature and normalized difference vegetation index. After the model is calibrated with data collected from observed remote-sensed soil temperature, a soil temperature map is prepared based on the predictions of the model for each geo-referenced site. The daily and monthly simulated soil temperature shows that the proposed model is useful for reproducing observed soil temperature. Soil temperatures at 30 and 50 cm of soil depth are also well simulated.

Air temperature, Ecohydrology, Land surface temperature, Normalized difference vegetation index

조현희 Hyun Hee Cho , 차민환 Min Whan Cha , 박재우 Jae Woo Park

DOI: Vol.28(No.1) 148-156, 2012

In this research, the application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modified PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane was tested as a simply and beginning attempt to overcome membrane fouling because CNTs importantly affect the transport of natural organic matter (NOM). Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) as the representative of NOM was selected and its sorption results with single-walled CNT (SWCNT), multi-walled CNT (MWCNT), and oxidized MWCNT (O-MWCNT) were obtained through the batch experiment. SRFA sorption isotherms had a strong nonlinearity and its sorption capacity followed the order O-MWCNT < MWCNT < SWCNT. The adsorbed mass of SRFA on each CNT decreased as a function of pH due to their charge repulsion. For the CNT-PVDF membrane filtration experiments, the suspended CNT solution (10 mg/40 mL) was incorporated into 0.45 μm-PVDF membrane and 5 mg/L of SRFA solution was monitored using UV detector connected with high pressure pump after passing through CNT-PVDF membrane. The SRFA removal efficiency by MWCNT-PVDF membrane was the strongest among other modified membranes. This suggests that the CNT modified microfiltration (MF) membrane might effectively and selectively apply to treat the contaminated water including organic compounds in the presence of NOM.

Carbon nanotubes, CNT, Fulvic acid, Microfiltration, MF, Natural organic matter, NOM, Polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF, Sorption