우원희 Won Hee Woo , 류지철 Ji Chul Ryu , 문종필 Jong Pil Moon , 장춘화 Chun Hwa Jang , 금동혁 Dong Hyuk Kum , 강현우 Hyun Woo Kang , 김기성 Ki Sung Kim , 임경재 Kyoung Jae Lim

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 495-504, 2012

Abstract In recent years, urbanization has been a hot issues in watershed management due to increased pollutant loads from impervious urban areas, The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has been widely used in hydrology and water quality studies at watershed scale. However, the SWAT has limitations in simulating water flows between HRUs and hydrological effects of LID practices. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) has LID capabilities, but it does not simulate non-urban areas, especially agricultural areas. In this study, a SWAT-SWMM coupled model was developed to evaluate effects of LID practices on hydrology and water quality at mixed-landuse watersheds. This coupled SWAT-SWMM was evaluated by comparing calibrated flow with and without coupled SWAT-SWMM. As a result of this study, the R2 and NSE values with SWAT are 0.951 and 0.937 for calibration period, and 0.882 and 0.875 for validation period, respectively, the R2 and NSE values with SWAT-SWMM are 0.877 and 0.880 for validation period. Out of four LID scenarios simulated by SWAT-SWMM model, the green roof scenario was found to be most effective which reduces about 25% of rainfall-runoff flows.

Low Impact Development, LID, SWAT, SWAT-SWMM, SWMM

장영호 Young Ho Jang , 강동한 Dong Han Kang , 김극태 Keug Tae Kim , 임홍빈 Heung Bin Im , 황찬원 Chan Won Hwang , 김미정 Mi Jung Kim , 신형순 Hyung Soon Shin

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 505-511, 2012

Abstract While the existing sewage treatment facilities are mainly being operated by biological processes, winter-time efficiency improvement and additional phosphorus treatment equipment using chemicals have been required to follow the effluent criteria of TP (0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L for the zone of I, II and III respectively) and BOD5 (5.0 mg/L) which is intensified from 2012 in Republic of Korea. We made an investigation into actual condition of biological treatment process and calculated the optimal chemical input amount by jar test of supernatant of secondary sedimentation tank to evaluate the process improvement for the intensified criteria. Ejector BAF system for removing TP, BOD5 of sewage effluent was suggested. The concentration of TP from biological process is 0.3-0.8 mg/L, and the input amount of optimal chemical coagulant was above Al/P ratio of 3(1.9 mg/L as Al) to meet the criteria of TP for secondary treatment effluent. From the results of this experiment, the best Al/P ratio for Ejector BAF system was about Al/P ratio of 1, and LV of BAF process for intensified criteria of BOD5 and TP was below 1.97m/hr.

Biological aerated filter, BAF, Dissolved organic carbon, DOC, Ejector, Line velocity, LV, Natural organic material, NOM

문운기 Woon Ki Moon , 배대열 Dae Yeul Bae , 서진원 Jin Won Seo , 안광국 Kwang Guk An

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 512-522, 2012

This study is focused on fish fauna and distributional features along with physical gradients and stream orders in the Tamjin River basin, Korea. Fish sampling and investigation were conducted for 2 years from 2009 to 2010, Total number of fish species collected were 47 species of 16 family, The group of cyprinidae was mostly abundant, Both fish abundance and biotic index were declined with increasing altitude and longitudinal distance from the river mouth. Two species of Zacco temminckii and Pungtungia herzi were prevalent in most of sampling sites and showed no altitudinal and longitudinal differences. Most other species, however, were spatially restricted to specific regional altitudes. Several species including Zacco platypus, Squalidus gracilis majimae and P, herzi were broadly distributed from river mouth to 50 km, Eight species including Z, temminckii and Rhynchocypris oxycephalus only appeared in over 10 km from the river mouth. Both Odontobutis platycephala and Pseudobagrus koreanus were classified as "upstream dewelling species" observed only in over 30 km from the river mouth, High proportion of tolerant and omnivorous species were more dominated in the downstream zone of the dam, whereas intolerant and insectivorous species were abundant in the upstream zone of the dam. The variable of stream order showed positive relationship between number of fish species and total individuals collected. Sensitive species including insectivore had a declining tendency with increasing stream order, while tolerant specie including omnivore species had relatively increased with stream order. Overall, our study suggested that fish distribution considerably depends on altitudinal gradient and longitudinal distance from the river mouth as well as physical habitat.

Altitude gradient, Fish distribution, longitudinal distance, Tamjin River

최용훈 Yong Hun Choi , 원철희 Chul Hee Won , 박운지 Woon Ji Park , 신민환 Min Hwan Shin , 신재영 Jae Young Shin , 이수인 Su In Lee , 최종대 Joong Dae Choi

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 523-530, 2012

Runoff, NPS pollution load and flow-weighted mean concentration (FWMC) occurred by snowmelt and rainfall runoff were compared by a variance analysis. Snowmelt runoff ranged between 1,449 and 19,921 m3/day. The peak snowmelt runoff was similar to the runoff that occurred by about 40mm/day rainfall. And average snowmelt runoff was not significantly different from the runoff that occurred by 25.5 mm/day rainfall. Average values of SS loads and FWMCs were 5,438 kg/day and 954.9 mg/L, respectively. SS loads and FWMCs were in the similar range with those that occurred by 39.0 mm/day and 53.0 mm/day rainfall, respectively. Daily SS and COD loads and FWMCs occurred by snowmelt and rainfall were analyzed not to be significantly different. Overall assessment led that the NPS pollution loads by snowmelt runoff had a similar characteristics with the loads by about 40 mm/day rainfall runoff. It was recommended that the agricultural fields in snowy region needs to managed not only for rainfall runoff but also snowmelt runoff for an effective water quality management.

Flow Mean weighted concentration, NPS, Pollutant load, Rainfall, Snowmelt

김지원 Ji Won Kim , 이용 Yong Rhee , 이옥민 Ok Min Lee

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 531-537, 2012

The information about the physicochemical environments, the species distribution and community of the epilithic diatom cells in Pyengchang river and inflow streams of Gangwon-do were studied for assessment of biological water quality from June 2008 to October 2010. Total 112 diatom taxa were identified with 2 orders, 9 families, 26 genera, 95 species and 17 varieties. Among the total taxa identified, 13taxa, 52taxa and 15taxa represented the family Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae and Bacillariaceae, respectively. The pH values of the water was found to be neutral to alkaline due to the limestone grounds of Pyengchang river and inflow streams. The 13taxa including Epithemia adnata, belonged to alkaline-water diatoms, and three species-Cymbella japonica, Eunotia major and Fragilaria capitellata-are known to be acidic-water species. The species, Hannaea arcus, known as a cryophilic and mountain periphyton was identified at IF2, IF3 and IF4 in low water temperature environments at high altitudes, being a dominating species in P1 and IF1. Four saproxenous species-Achnanthes convergens, Cocconeis placentula var. lineata, Cymbella turgidula and Hannaea arcus-were dominant at some sampling sites. For biological water quality assessment, IF2, IF3 and P3 showed low water quality class. The values of DAIpo and TDI were 10.6~98.0 and 13.8~94.2, respectively. Therefore, biological water quality in Pyengchang river and inflow streams was relatively desirable.

Biological water quality, DAIpo, Epilithic diatom, TDI

이정훈 Jeong Hoon Lee , 김정선 Jung Sun Kim , 이재관 Jae Kwan Lee , 강임석 Lim Seok Kang , 김상당 Sang Dan Kim

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 538-550, 2012

This study suggests a general methodology which is designed for assessing RDOC behavior at the catchment scale by coupling properly a series of steam flow and water quality simulation models and actual monitoring data set. The modified TANK model in which a river routing function is incorporated to the conventional one is applied to simulate the long-term daily stream flow data, and the simulated stream flow data is combined with the 7-parameter log-linear model coupled to the minimum variance unbiased estimator to simulate the long-term daily water quality (BOD, COD and TOC) loads. Finally, the regression analysis between the usually monitored water quality data (BOD, COD and TOC) and RDOC is combined with the simulated water quality data to manifest the spatiotemporal variability of RDOC flux behavior at the Korean TMDL catchment scale.

Nakdong River, Refractory dissolved organic carbon, Stream flow, Total maximum daily loads

박향미 Hyang Mi Park , 안광국 Kwang Guk An

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 551-560, 2012

The objectives of this study were to elucidate spatio-temporal heterogeneity of water chemistry and develop empirical models using trophic variables in Daechung Reservoir during 2005-2010 along with in situ tests of nutrient enrichment bioassays (NEB). The relations of water quality parameters in regard to precipitation showed that seasonal and interannual fluctuations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN) and pH were minor, whereas conductivity, suspended solids (SS), and total phosphorus (TP) were largely varied in response to the magnitude of rainfall. The CHL maxima occurred immediately after the spate of TP during the high flow, indicating that phytoplankton growth was directly controlled by phosphorus. Empirical linear models of CHL-TP indicated that the variation of CHL in premonsoon was accounted 60% (R2= 0.60, p < 0.05, n=54) by TP. In the mean time, empirical models of annual CHL-TN showed that the variation of CHL was weakly accounted (R2=0.16, p < 0.001) by TN and more strongly (R2=0.44, p < 0.001) by TP. Thus, the variation of CHL was more explained by the variation of TP than TN. In situ tests of Nutrient Enrichment Bioassays (NEBs) showed that the growth of CHL was greater in the P-treatments (as PO4-P) than the control and N-treatment (as NO3-N). Overall, our results suggest that phosphorus was aprimary limiting nutrient controlling the seasonal phytoplankton growth, based on the in situ experiments of NEBs.

Daechung Reservoir, Empirical linear model, Nutrient enrichment bioassay, Phosphorus

김용휘 Young Hui Kim , 한정호 Jeong Ho Han , 안광국 Kwang Guk An

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 561-573, 2012

The object of this study was to analyze long-term water quality gradients during 1992-2008 at six sites of Geumho River and near-by two sites of Nakdong River and their influences on fish trophic guilds and tolerance guilds along with ecological health. Water quality including biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), conductivity, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and total suspended solids (TSS) varied largely depending on the sampling locations and seasons. Values of ambient BOD, COD, TP, and TN were greater in the downstream than in the upstream reach, and seasonal and interannual variabilities were also higher in the downstreams. This phenomenon was evident due to a dilution by the Asian monsoon rainfall during the monsoon. These outcomes indicate that point sources near the downstream are important for the chemical conditions, but also seasonal stream runoff was considered as an important factor regulating the chemical conditions. Conductivity decreased rapidly during the summer due to ionic dilution, and nutrients (N, P), BOD, COD had an inverse function of seasonal precipitation. Based on the water quality, we selected two sites (control site = Cs vs. impacted site = Is) for impact analysis of water chemistry on fish community and trophic/tolerant guilds. Fish guild analysis showed that species diversity was higher in the headwater stream (Cs) than the impacted downstream (Is), and that the proportion of tolerant and omnivore species were greater in the impacted site of downstream. Comparisons of water quality between Geumho River and Nakdong River indicated that Geumho River was considered as a point source which degradated water quality to the Nakdong River. Overall, chemical water quality and fish guild analysis suggest that even if current chemical quality got better after 1996 due to continuous constructions of wastewater disposal plants near the downstreams, fish compositions of tolerant and omnivores were still dominated the community. Thus, biological restoration based on ecological health is required for the ecosystem conservation.

Dilution, Fish guild, Geumho River, Water quality

박준대 Jun Dae Park , 오승영 Seung Young Oh

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 574-581, 2012

It is important to analyze the status of water quality with relation to the stream flow to attain water quality goal more effectively in the unit watersheds for the management of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). This study developed a flow duration-water quality distribution graph to figure out water quality appearances on the flow variation and analyzed contributions of water quality observations to the impaired water bodies quantitatively by hydrologic conditions. Factors relating to water quality variation can be analyzed more precisely and assessed on the base of quantified contributions. It is considered that this approach could be utilized to establish a more effective plan for the water quality improvement including the prioritization of pollution reduction options.

Flow duration, Hydrologic conditions, Impaired water body, Total Maximum Daily Loads , TMDLs, Unit watersheds, Water quality distribution

최대규 Dae Gyu Choi , 최현일 Hyun Il Choi , 김경헌 Kyung Hyun Kim , 김상단 Sang Dan Kim

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 582-594, 2012

A simple ecohydorlogic model that simulates hydrologic components and vegetation dynamics simultaneously based on equations of soil water dynamics and vegetation`s growth and mortality is discussed. In order to simulate ungauged watersheds, the proposed model is calibrated with indirected estimated observation data set; 1) empirically estimated annual vaporization, 2) monthly surface runoff estimated by NRCS-CN method, and 3) vegetation fraction estimated by SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI. In order to check whether the model is performed well with indirectly estimated data or not, four upper dam watersheds (Andong, Habcheon, Namgang, Milyang) in Nakdong River watershed are selected, and the model is verified.

Ecohydrology, Ecohydrological model, Soil water, Vegetation, Water balance

정재운 Jae Woon Jung , 조소현 So Hyun Cho , 임병진 Byung Jin Lim , 오태윤 Tae Youn Oh , 함상인 Sang In Ham , 김갑순 Kap Soon Kim

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 595-600, 2012

This study is to assess the application of SWAT-CUP (Soil and Water Assessment Tool-Calibration Uncertainty Programs) and to extend daily flow data from 8-day interval flow data which has been measured by Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE). Model sensitivity analysis and calibration were performed with sequential uncertainty fitting (SUIF-2), which is one of the programs interfaced with SWAT, in the package SWAT-CUP. The most sensitive parameters were SOL-Ksol, CH_N2.rte, CN2.mgt, SOL-BD sol, ALPHA-BF gw, ALPHA-BNK rte, SOL-AWC sol, CH_K2.rte, SFTMP bsn, GW-DELAY gw. Following the sensitivity analysis, SWAT-CUP calibration was carried out using 8-day interval flow data from January 2008 to December 2010. The results were then assessed based on the visual agreement and simulated flow plots and the performance statistics generated R2 and NSE which are 0.71 and 0.61 respectively. Results of these statistics indicated that there was a good agreement between the observed and simulated flow. To extend daily flow data from 8-day interval flow data, parameters, which were estimated by SWAT-CUP, re-entered for SWAT model. As a result, the observed flow data were found to reflect the trend of simulated flow data. From these results, it is thought that this method could be used to provide daily flow data using 8-day interval flow data.

Daily flow data, SWAT, SWAT-CUP, SUFI-2, 8-day interval flow data

임은정 Eun Jung Im , 김성현 Sung Hyun Kim , 현동훈 Dong Hun Hyeon

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 601-607, 2012

Advance countries are trying hard to acquire intellectual properties on the technologies for prior occupation in the future industry. Patent contains meaningful technical achievement, Patent map is required to propose the strategies for efficient development and use of these technologies, In this paper, analysis of foreign and domestic patents for groundwater pollution technologies analysis. It was analyzed by utilizing two processes of patent map and paper analysis. The patents in Korea, USA, Japan, China, and Europe were searched. It was found that the number of patent for groundwater pollution was USA patent 44.3%, Japan patent 17.1%, China 13.3%, EU 1.9% and Korea patent 23.3%, respectively.

Groundwater, Heavy metals, Patent map, Pollution, Soil

김재훈 Jae Hoon Kim , 신진수 Jin Soo Shin , 이철구 Chul Gu Lee , 이정영 Jung Young Lee , 이영선 Young Sun Lee , 유순주 Soon Ju Yu

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 608-614, 2012

The effluent limitation of industrial wastewater is based on uniform regulatory criteria for effluent discharge facilities of all in Korea. But, an individual effluent limitation on each effluent discharge facility is widely applicable for regulation of industrial wastewater in US.EPA. To decide an individual effluent limitation, TBEL (Technology-based effluent limitation) and WQBEL (Water quality-based effluent limitation) are used. TBEL is based on the capability of a treatment technology to reduce the pollutants. WQBEL is based on ambient water quality standards. In this study, TBEL were derived for the pulp, paper and paper board manufacturing based on best practicable control technology currently available. It was suggested that effluent limitations were BOD5 4.7 mg/L, CODMn 44.3 mg/L, SS 13.2 mg/L, TN 1.4 mg/L, TP 0.15 mg/L and best practicable control technology currently available (BPT) was neutralization, activated sludge treatment and coagulation and sedimentation for the pulp, paper and paper board manufacturing.

BPT, Limitations, TBEL, Variability Factor, VF

안경희 Kyung Hee Ahn , 유순주 Soon Ju Yu , 박수정 Su Jeong Park , 권오상 Oh Sang Kwon

DOI: Vol.28(No.4) 615-623, 2012

In this study, we evaluate the corrosion indexes (CI) such as Langelier Index (LI), Larson ratio (LR), Ryznar saturation index (RSI), Aggressiveness index (AI) of water quality for raw water, treated water and water in distribution reservoir at major eight drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Korea. By analyzing secondary contamination of tap water, the variation of secondary contaminants was investigated with regard to pipe materials, aging and corrosion index (CI). In addition, we suggested an appropriate CI applicable water quality and the management plan for CI monitoriing. All CI showed corrosive water quality, and they did not change significantly in the distribution network. However, Copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations as secondary contaminants increased through the distribution network. Among CI, LI was most sensitive to changes in raw water quality and drinking water treatment. Also, it has high correlations with other indexes such as RSI, AI. Therefore, LI is considered as an appropriate CI to the domestic water quality. Based on these result, we propose LI as a drinking water quality standard to control the pipe corrosion from DWTPs.

Corrosion index, Distribution network, Langelier index, Secondary contaminants