정승현 Seung Hyun Joung , 박혜경 Hae Kyung Park , 이혜진 Hae Jin Lee , 이수형 Soo Hyung Lee

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 155-164, 2013

To confirm the relationship between climate change and Stephanodiscus in Mulgeum station of Nakdong River, Korea, this study was conducted. The temperature in crease by climate change was observed in the study site, where the temperature was gradually increased in most seasons, except for summer season. The mass proliferation of Stephanodiscus constantly appeared in every year, especially between November and March, and when Stephanodiscus abundance was above 90% in phyto plankton biomass. Among this period, phytoplankton biomass was high related with water temperature r2=0.249, p<0.01 than nutrient factors such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the study site. Finally, temperature by climate change can be regarded as the affecting factor for ch1.a variation, because temperature was strongly related with water temperature r2=0.748, p<0.01. From 1997 to 2010, the annual maximum phytoplankton biomass was recorded in the rang of temperature from 4.8 to 8.4, and the range was regarded as the temperature condition for the optimal growth of Stephanodiscus in the study site. On the optimal growth temperature, the trend of monthly average temperature correspondded to the trend of ch1.a variation from November to March. In future, the increase of temperature by climate change can prolong Stephanodiscus blooming period in winter and spring seasons.

Ch1, a, Climate change, Nakdong River, Optimal growth temperature, Stephanodiscus

곽진일 Jin Il Kwak , 오경원 Kyung Won Oh , 권상희 Sang Hui Kweon , 안윤주 Youn Joo An

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 165-169, 2013

Freshwater fish intake is a critical parameter for deriving water quality criteria and water quality standards for protection of human health based on human health risk assessment. Although the freshwater fish intake parameter should be accurate and representative of Korean fish consumption for the water quality criteria to be reliable, data are limited in Korea and have low reliability. In this study, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2008 2010 were analyzed to reeveluate freshwater fish consumption. Based on these results, an average consumption rate of 3.0 g/day per person, a 90 percentile consumption rate of 0.0 g/day per person, an average consumption rate of 65.7 g/day per fish consumer, and a 90 percentile consumption rate of 153.4 g/day per fish consumer were proposed for derivation of water quality criteria using a conservative approach and various exposure scenarios.

Fish intakes, Freshwater, Human health, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Risk assessment

김성홍 Sung Hong Kim , 이동우 Dong Woo Lee , 김동한 Dong Han Kim , 김두일 Doo Il Kim

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 170-175, 2013

Achieving very low phosphorus levels in treated wastewater will require the installation of additional treatment. Phosphorus removal experiments by chemical coagulation were carried out for the effluent of wastewater treatment plant in this study. TP total phosphorus or phosphate were highly related to the addition of PAC poly aluminium chloride which is one of the inorganic coagulants. But, organic polymer did not significantly affect the phosphorus removal efficiency. Polymer affected the flocculation of particle especially particle matter less than 10 micrometer so, the number of micro particles was decreased by polymer dose. Chlorination would not affect on chemical coagulation process and TP and turbidity could be effectively removed by the co addition of PAC and polymer.

Coagulation, Particle size distribution, Phosphorus removal, Polymer

원유라 Yu Ra Won , 김동수 Dong Su Kim

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 176-183, 2013

The variation of the stable region of arsenic compounds in aqueous environment with temperature has been investigated by constructing the Pourbaix diagram of arsenic at different temperatures. The standard potential corresponding to the boundary between arsenic compounds with different charge valence was estimated to be decreased with temperature, which means the stability of arsenic compound with +5 charge valence increases. The distribution diagram of the most highly oxidized arsenic compound showed that arsenic acid is formed at higher pH and arsenate is generated at lower pH as temperature rises. The aquatic toxicity due to arsenic compounds was considered to be decreased with temperature in the neutral pH condition based on the LD value defined in this study.

Aqueous environment, Arsenic ion, Pourbaix diagram, Temperature

장춘화 Chun Hwa Jang , 금동혁 Dong Hyuk Kum , 하준수 Jun Soo Ha , 김경순 Kyong Soon Kim , 강동한 Dong Han Kang , 김극태 Keuk Tai Kim , 신동석 Dong Suk Shin , 임경재 Kyoung Jae Lim

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 184-195, 2013

Urbanization from agricultural/ forest areas has been causing increased runoff and pollutant loads from it. Thus, numerous models have been developed to estimate NPS loading from urban area and Long Term Hydrologic Impact Analysis L THIA model has been used to evaluate effects of landuse changes on runoff and pollutant loads. However, the L THIA model could not consider rainfall intensity in runoff evaluation. There fore, the L THIA model, capable of simulating runoff using 10 minute rainfall data, was applied to the study areas for evaluation of estimated runoff and NPS. The estimated Nash Sutcliffe coefficient NSE values were over 0.6 for runoff, BOD, TN, and TP for most sites and watershed. The calibrated model was further extended to other counties for pollutant load potential evaluation. Pollutant load potential maps were developed and target areas were identified. As shown in this study, the L THIA 2012 can be used for evaluation runoff and pollutant loads with limited data sets and its estimation could be used in identifying pollutant load hot spot areas for implementation of site specific Best Management Practices.

Auto calibration, Direct runoff, Genetic algorithm, L THIA 2012, Nonpoint source pollutant loads

박찬서 Chan Seo Park , 최지웅 Ji Woong Choi , 이재훈 Jae Hoon Lee , 임병진 Byung Jin Lim , 박종환 Jong Hwan Park , 안광국 Kwang Guk An

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 196-203, 2013

Seungchon Weir was constructed in 2010 on the downstream region of Yeongsan River watershed for four major river projects. The purpose of our study was to determine whether fish compositions and distributions differ between the upper Uw and lower regions Lw of Seungchon Weir during May December 2011 along with hydroacoustic fish surveys using Eco Sounder monitoring EsM technique. Total number of fish species sampled by conventional fish sampling at all sites was 29, and 21 and 24 species occurred in the Uw and Lw, respectively. Most dominant species was Hemiculter eigenmanni 43% in the Uw and Opsaiichthys uncirostris 21% in the Lw indicating a distinct differences of the species composition. According to hydroacoustic approach of EsM, fish density was significantly higher p<0.05 in the Lw section of 250 m than any other sections, This outcome indicates that fishes moving toward the upstream were blocked by weir construction. According to analysis of tolerance guilds, tolerant species TS were made of 88% and 79% in the Uw and Lw region, respectively, while the proportions of sensitive species were < 0.1% of the total in the both regions. Trophic guild analysis showed that the proportion of omnivore species were 58% and 40% in the Uw and Lw region, respectively, while insectivores were made of 16% and 21% in the Uw and Lw region, respectively. Both analyses of tolerance guilds and trophic guilds indicate the biological degradation fo the waterbody. Fish community structure analysis, based on species diversity, dominance, and evenness indices, showed higher community stability in the Lw region than Uw region. Exotic species of largemouth bass were largely increased in this survey 14% , compared to the past <1% , indicating a modification of fish trophic structure.

Distribution, Fish community, Seungchon Weir, Weir construction

서경애 Kyung Ae Seo , 박재홍 Jae Hong Park , 정수정 Soo Jung Jung , 임병진 Byung Jin Lim

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 204-211, 2013

In this study, the deriving optimum conditions for decolorization of Acid Orange II solution was carried using TiO2 advanced oxidation process. After that, on base of the deriving results, the range of dye concentration was estimated. In addition, acute toxicity test was also carried to assess toxicity unit according to decolorization and TOC removal. In case of the blockage of light, 20mg/L of dye solution, and 0.5g TiO2, the effect of decolorization at pH 3 was larger than at pH 6 and 10, so it was shown that decolorization is dependent on pH. The use of 5 g TiO2 showed best performance of decolorization, but that of 3 g TiO2 was chosen to optimum considering of economical aspects. Four light sources, sun, fluorescent lamp, BLB lamp, and UV B lamp, were used and decolorization was 99.4% and 100% at 50 mg/L, 98.6% and 99.7% at 100 mg/L for sun and UV B lamp, respectively. In spite of the optimum condition of declorization at pH 3, the evaluation of acute toxicity test showed highly toxic. In conclusion, although the optimum treatment of dye solution is performed, water ecology can be polluted in discharging it into water system. Therefore, it is needed to study of water ecological system with dye water treatment, and it takes all the circumstances into consideration.

Acid Orange 2, Light source, pH, TiO2, Toxicity Unit TU

신창민 Chang Min Shin , 나은혜 Eun Ye Na , 이은정 Eun Jeong Lee , 김덕길 Duk Gil Kim , 민중혁 Joong Hyuk Min

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 212-222, 2013

A watershed model was constructed using Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran to quantitatively predict the stream flows at major tributaries of Nakdong River basin, Korea. The entire basin was divided into 32 segments to effectively account for spatial variations in meteorological data and land segment parameter values of each tributary. The model was calibrated at ten tributaries including main stream of the river for a three year period 2008 to 2010. The deviation values Dv of runoff volumes for operational stream flow forecasting for a six month period 2012.1.2 to 2012.6.29 at the ten tributaries ranged from -38.1 to 23.6%, which is on average 7.8% higher than those of runoff volumes for model calibration -12.5 to 8.2%. The increased prediction errors were mainly from the uncertainties of numerical weather prediction modeling; nevertheless the stream flow forecasting results presented in this study were in a good agreement with the measured data.

FTABLE, HSPF, Nakdong River, Prediction, Segmentation

김용진 Yong Jin Kim , 신현주 Hyun Joo Shin , 이옥민 Ok Min Lee

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 223-231, 2013

This study investigated the physio chemical water quality and the standing crop of the phytoplankton of Dong stream in Jeollanam do from May 2010 to Feb 2011. The indicators and the dominant species of phytoplankton were also measured to investigate the water quality of estuary. Nutrients turned out to be eutrophic to hypertrophic in most sites with total nitrogen ranging 1.023~10.743 mg/L and total phosphorous ranging 0.0182~1.6848 mg/L. The site D6 had the highest BOD ranging 0.6~7.5 mg/L. Total of 205 taxa appeared within the research period, Bacillariophyceae being the highest number of taxa. The appeared specoes were taxa resistant to pollution including Navicula pupula, N. subminuscula, Nitzschia amphibian and N. palea. The downstream is thought to be greatly affected by the ocean water since marine and estuary phytoplankton such as Skeletonema costatum. Coscinodiscus radiatus, Bacteriastrum dlicatulum and Eucampia biconcave appeared. Diatom appeared mainly as dominant species including Cymbella minuta, Melosira varians, Gomphonema parvulum, Stephanodiscus hantzschii. As for Stephanodiscus hantzschii, it dominates during fall and winter when the water temperature drops. Diatom showed 50% or higher dominant rate in all seasons at most sites. Most sites turned out to be eutrophic based on the standing crop of cells and chlorophyll a concentration. Total of 15 polluted water indicating taxa including Oscillatoria limosa appeared. From this result, the Dong stream was considered to be in the eutrophication.

Dominant species, Eutrophication, Indicators, Phytoplankton

임지수 Ji Su Im , 길성호 Sung Ho Ghil

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 232-238, 2013

Water temperature is key factor influencing growth and reproduction of fish and its increase give rise to various physiological changes including gene expression. Heat shock protein(Hsp), one of the molecular chaperones, is highly conserved throughout evolution and its expression is induced by various stressors such as temperature, oxidative, physical and chemical stresses. Here, we isolated partial cDNA clones encoding 70 kDa Hsp(Hsp70) and B actin using reverse transcriptase PCR(RT PCR) from gut of Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, a Korean indigenous species and cold water fish, and investigated expression profiles of Hsp70 under an increase of water temperature using B action as an intermal control for RT PCR. Cloned Hsp70 cDNA of R. kumgangensis showed homology to Ctenopharyngodon idella (96%), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (96%). Danio rerio (93%) and Oncorhynchus mykiss(81%) Hsp70. Cloned B actin cDNA of R. kumgangensis shouwed homology to D. rerio (98%), H, molitrix (97%), C. idella(97%) and O. mykiss(90%) B actin, Both mRNA of Hsp70 and B actin were expressed in gut, brain, and liver in R. kumgangensis. Futhermore, expression of Hsp70, in brain, was highly augmented by an increase of water temperature. These results suggest that Hsp70 mRNA expression level in brain can be used as a biological molecular marker to represent physiological stress against an increase of water temperature.

β-actin, global warming, heat shock protein, Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, water temperature

김미형 Mi Hyung Kim , 김건하 Geon Ha Kim

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 239-246, 2013

The foot mouth disease and Al were highly contagious. The virus can be transmitted in number of ways, including close contact animal to animal spread, long distance aerosol spread and fomites, or inanimate objects, typically fodder and motor vehicles. A lot of burial sites were constructed in a short time for preventing the rapid spread of the virus. The carcass burial sites have a risk potential because the sites were constructed without any appropriate and systematic management. It resulted from lacking of time, equipments and man power. The carcass burial sites more than 4,700 constructed in 2011. Approximately 7 million poultry and 3.5 million livestock including head of cattle and swine were buried in farm land. It is time to be concerned if the secondary pollutions occur from the burial sites. The environmental impacts should be analyzed for managing the burial sites effectively and minimizing damages and risks to the environment and human health. This study was to analyze environmental impacts of the process of carcass burial construction using a life cycle assessment methodology. All input data of raw materials and energy usage were collected and the inventory was constructed. The results showed that 1 ton of carcass burial of the environmental impacts were 0.51yr for ADP, 0.09 kg of 1, 4DCB-eq for FAETP, 31.17 kg of CO2-eq for GWP, 0.04 kg of C2H4-eq for POCP, 0.06 kg of SO2-eq for AP.

Carcass disposal, Environmental impacts, Foot and mouth disease, Life cycle assessment, On-farm burial

이건행 Keon Haeng Lee , 최현일 Hyun Il Choi , 권현한 Hyun Han Kwon , 김상단 Sang Dan Kim , 정유진 Eu Gene Chung , 김경현 Kyung Hyun Kim

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 247-258, 2013

A grid based configuration of Land Surface Models (LSMs) coupled with a climate model can be advantageous in impact assessment of climate change for a large scale area. We assessed the applicability of Common Land Model(CoLM) to runoff and land surface temperature (LST) simulations at the domain that encompasses the Nakdong river basin. To establish a high resolution model configuration of a 1km * 1km grid size, both surface boundary condition and atmospheric inputs from the ob served weather data in 2009 were adjusted to the same resolution. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) was collected from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the downward short wave flux was produced by a nonstationary multi site weather state model. Compared with the observed runoffs at the stations on Nakdong river, simulated runoffs properly responded to rainfall. The spatial features and the seasonal variations of the domain fairly well were captured in the simulated LSTs as well. The monthly and seasonal trend of LST were described well compared to the observations, however, the monthly averaged simulated LST exceeded the observed up 2 at the 24 stations. From the results of our study, it is shown that high resolution LSMs can be used to evaluate not only quantity but also quality of water resources as it can capture the geographical fcatures of the area of interest and its rainfall runoff response.

Common Land Model, Land Surface Model, Land surface temperature, Runoff

정은성 Eun Sung Chung , 전상묵 Sang Mook Jun , 이진희 Jin Hee Lee , 안종호 Jong Ho Ahn

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 259-269, 2013

This study aims to show the feasibility of wasterwater reuse through hydrological analysis and propose a framework for planning using multi criteria decision making technique. Ten alternatives of wastewater reuse(BOD:3.0 mg/L &4.7 mg/L) and two references in the urban watershed were considered and analyzed by using Hydrological Simulation Program in Fortran(HSPF). Though wastewater has a positive effect on water quantity, in may degrade the water quality due to the high discharge concentration. This study showed that wastewater reuse can be a great alternative for the rehabilitation of distorted water cycle, if the quality is improved up to the natural streamflow and the quantity is increased up to the instreamflow requirement. In addition, to determine the project priority, there criteria were compared: 1) impacts on water quantity and water quality, respectively, 2) consideration of present hydrologic vulnerabilities on water quantity and quality and not, and 3) social and economic considerations and not. From the performance values to all criteria, the specific ranking can be derived and the feasibility of each wastewater reuse project can be checked with the comparison of the existing facilities. As a result, DJ and DR were derived to become effective in any evaluation conditions while SS and WG were improper alternatives if various criteria were considered. The decision making for project prioritization must be careful with the consideration of various impacts of wastewater reuse because the evaluation of wastewater reuse alternative showed very different priorities for each criteria.

Alternative evaluation index, DPSIR, HSPF, Prioritization, Wastewater reuse

최희정 Hee Jeong Choi , 이승목 Seung Mok Lee

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 270-275, 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of thickness of optical panel (OP) on the growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris. The size of Chlorella vulgaris (FC-16) was 3-8 μm, having round in shape. The cells of Chlorella vulgaris was cultured in the Jaworski`s Medium with deionized water at 22℃ for 15 days. For this experiment, three OP samples were prepared to evaluate the efficiency of thickness of OP on the growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris; 4 mm OP with LED (Light Emitting Diode) (Run 1), 6 mm OP with LED (Run 2) and 8 mm with LED (Run 3). The diffuse rate was reached 86%, 91% and 92% for Run 1, Run 2 and Run 3, respectively. Average biomass of Run 2 and Run 3 were measured 11.18% higher than that of Run 1. However, the specific growth rate for all fractions were almost same. In addition, chlorophyll content per cell and cell volume were found to be slice difference between Run 2 and Run 3. Therefore, Run has more effect on growth rate of biomass for Chlorella vulgaris than Run 1 and Run 3.

Biomass, Chlorella vulgaris, Optical panel, Photobioreactor

유순주 Soon Ju Yu , 박상민 Sang Min Park , 권오상 Oh Sang Kwon , 박수정 Su Jeong Park , 염익태 Ick Tae Yeom

DOI: Vol.29(No.2) 276-287, 2013

Domestic sewage contains increasingly more pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), due to rising use of medicines, health supplement food and daily necessities. And various types of industrial wastewater from pollution sources in treatment areas could flow into the public sewerage treatment plants (PSTPs) in metropolitan areas. The conventional PSTPs are designed to treat suspended solids, biodegradable organics, nitrogen and phosphorous from residential and industrial areas and public facilities. However, toxic, conventional, and non-coventional pollutants from non-domestic sources that discharge into sewer system as well as domestic source with various chemicals could not be treated in the conventional PSTPs and discharged untreated to public basin. In this paper we aim to consider the establishment system of effluent standard of PSTPs in comparison with water quality standard of water environment and wastewater discharge regulation. And also we suggest the necessity of regulations on the pretreatment of industrial wastewater as part of efforts to improve water quality in sewerage systems and to protect public basin.

Effluent standard establishment system, National pretreatment standard, public sewage treatment plants, Sewage effluent standard